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Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French, naturalized American painter, sculptor, chess player and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, conceptual art and Dada,〔Ian Chilvers & John Glaves-Smith, ''A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art''. Oxford University Press, p. 203〕 although he was careful about his use of the term Dada〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Marcel Duchamp, in The Museum of Modern Art Bulletin, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1946. )〕 and was not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tate Modern: Matisse Picasso )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Trachtman, Paul, ''Matisse & Picasso'', Smithsonian, February 2003 )〕 Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (like Henri Matisse) as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to put art back in the service of the mind.〔() Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) at Metropolitan Museum of Art〕 ==Early life and education== Marcel Duchamp was born in Blainville-Crevon Seine-Maritime in the Upper Normandy region of France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver , his maternal grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint, and make music together. Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamp's seven children, one died as an infant and four became successful artists. Marcel Duchamp was the brother of: *Jacques Villon (1875–1963), painter, printmaker *Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876–1918), sculptor *Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti (1889–1963), painter. As a child, with his two older brothers already away from home at school in Rouen, Duchamp was close to his sister Suzanne, who was a willing accomplice in games and activities conjured by his fertile imagination. At 8 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers' footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, in Rouen. Two other students in his class also became well-known artists and lasting friends: Robert Antoine Pinchon and Pierre Dumont.〔Guy Pessiot, (''Histoire de Rouen'' volume 2 ''1900–1939 en 800 photographies'', repr. Rouen: PTC, 2004, ISBN 9782906258877, p. 271 ) 〕 For the next 8 years, he was locked into an educational regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not an outstanding student, his best subject was mathematics and he won two mathematics prizes at the school. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize, validating his recent decision to become an artist. He learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamp's true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid and incisive style he sought to imitate. At 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he also painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marcel Duchamp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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